As nearly as I can tell, it has to do with control of the ball. Below are the rules governing possession in the front court and the back court.
According to Article 5, if a ball is tipped by a defender in the front court, either team may recover it in the back court. The act of tipping the ball by a defender sends the ball into the rather Orwellian state of being neither existing in the front nor back court. In order to regain status in the front or back court, control must be reestablished. Should a defender tip the ball out of bounds, sending it into non existence in either court, it creates the same situation as retrieving it in the back court. The loss of control created by the act of the defender tipping the ball eliminates any delineation of placement in front or back court. Thus, the inbounding team is permitted to pass anywhere on the court.
To summarize: In order for the ball to be in the front or back court, a player must have control of said ball. The act of tipping the ball by a defender eliminates control and nullifies front or back court allowing either team to regain control anywhere on the court.
Art. 3. A live ball is in the front court or back court of the team in control as follows:
a. A ball that is in contact with a player or with the playing court shall be in the back court when either the ball or the player (either player when the ball is touching more than one) is touching the back court. It shall be in the front court when neither the ball nor the player is touching the back court.
b. A ball that is not in contact with a player or the playing court retains the same status as when it was last in contact with a player or the playing court.
c. During a dribble from back court to front court, the ball shall be in the front court when both feet of the dribbler and the ball touch the playing court entirely in the front court.
Art. 4. A player shall not be the first to touch the ball in his back court (with any part of his body, voluntarily or involuntarily) when the ball came from the front court while that player’s team was in team control and that player or his teammate was the last to touch the ball before it went into the back court.
Art. 5. A pass in the front court that is deflected by a defensive player so that the ball goes into the back court may be recovered by either team.
Art. 6. Regardless of where the throw-in spot is located, the throw-in team may cause the ball to go into the back court before player control has been established by the throw-in team on the playing court.
I believe that should an inbounds pass go into the back court the 10 second rule does apply. As soon as control is established front and back court rules apply.