Can you point out examples of some of these that the government identified and put out RFPs not funded by bonds or taxes? If not funded by taxes or munis, why is the government even involved and who pays?
A bit of a hijack here, so I apologize in advance: but there are too many examples outside of the U.S. to list here. Keep in mind that there are many ways to skin this cat. A typical way these projects work is that the government identifies the project, for example, a new toll bridge that needs to be built over a river because the existing one is crumbling. The state puts out the parameters of the project: how many lanes, length of bridge, any exits, how much volume it needs to be able to handle during peak periods, how long is the concession period (how long the winning bidder needs to maintain the bridge), etc. Developer groups are then invited to bid on the project. These groups are comprised of equity partners, lenders, engineering firms, contractors, consultants and anybody else they feel they need. Their bids are typically for the cost to complete the project and how much they will need in annual payments from the government to recoup the cost of the build, cost to maintain the bridge, repayment of debt and a return on equity. The lowest qualifying bid is usually awarded the project. The government can operate a toll booth to generate revenue or they can use tax revenues or refinance with bonds, however they want to do it. The construction is funded via equity and bank loans typically, with longer term financing (usually private bonds or long-term loans from banks or life insurance companies or pension funds) that takes out the shorter-term construction loans. Often times, there are completion payments made by the government when milestones are met to reduce the periodic payments. In the U.S. there is usually federal funding available as well under the TIFIA program. The bridge will always be owned by the government.
The old model for public-private bridges and roads was for the winning bidder to get repaid from toll revenues, however, lenders are not usually willing to accept traffic volume risk anymore after some big failures, Indiana Toll Road, San Diego Expressway, etc. Availability payments are typically how these are repaid now, where the group gets paid a set amount as long as the project is maintained in accordance with agreed upon metrics.
Canada has been rebuilding and modernizing their whole country over the last 10 years using this model. It has been going on even longer in Europe and Asia, but Canada is now the global leader and has the most efficient model. I can give dozens, if not hundreds of examples globally where this model has been successful. Thankfully, there are many U.S. states that are embracing this philosophy now, with VA, MD, TX, FL, CO and to a growing extent, CA. It really is the best way to keep a country modern and economically relevant.
And to the poster who asked how a high-speed rail line enhances national security, it does so through enhancing the country's economy. A stable, healthy economy is more relevant for national security than a strong military. It's not always about guns and bullets.
As for all of the issues with SU's plan that people have presented here, there are always solutions if there are creative people and a real willingness of the people of CNY/Syracuse (and financial ability) to carry them out. M street probably needs an overhaul. The City probably needs to have exceptions to food and alcohol permits in the M St zone and SU needs to back off a little with their resistance. If Dome parking is removed, there needs to be more parking put in somewhere else with a realistic plan to get people from their cars to the Dome with minimal hassle. Maybe that means more shuttles and more pickup zones around the Dome than just the east end of the Quad that shuttle to a new parking area on the west side of campus/downtown, I don't know. But it should be adequately addressed and it doesn't necessarily seems to be at this point. I don't think it's wise of SU to punt the issue down the road - alternatives should be worked out now. But, I'm excited about the potential of all of this.